TS Inter 1st Year Zoology Previous Paper -II  (2024)

Time : 3 Hours] [Max. Marks : 60

Note Read the following instructions carefully.

(i) Answer all the questions of Section ‘A’. Answer **ANY SIX**
questions in Section “B’ and answer **ANY TWO** questions in
Section “C”.

(ii) In Section ‘A’, questions from Sl. Nos. 1 to 10 are of very short
answer type. Each question carries **TWO** marks. Every answer
may be limited to 5 lines. Answer all these questions at ore
place in the same order.

(iii) In Section ‘B’, questions from Sl. Nos. 11 to 18 are of short
answer type. Each question carries **FOUR** marks. Every answer
may be limited to 20 lines.

(iv) In Section ‘C’, questions from Sl. Nos. 19 to 21 are of long
answer type. Each question carries **EIGHT** marks. Every
answer may be limited to 60 lines.

(v)
Draw labelled diagrams wheruver necessary fur questions in
Sections B and C.

Section A

Note: Answer all the questions in 5 lines each.

1. Define the terms layer and broiler.

  • Layer: A layer is a type of chicken primarily raised for egg production. Layers are selectively bred to produce large quantities of eggs.
  • Broiler: A broiler is a type of chicken primarily raised for meat production. These chickens are bred for rapid growth and high meat yield.

2. Distinguish between Cortical and Juxta medullary nephrons.

  • Cortical Nephrons:

    • Located mainly in the outer region of the kidney.
    • Have shorter loops of Henle.
    • Play a major role in the filtration of blood and production of urine.

  • Juxta medullary Nephrons:

    • Located at the junction of the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
    • Have longer loops of Henle, which extend deeper into the medulla.
    • Play a key role in the concentration of urine.

3. What is triad system?

The triad system refers to a group of structures in the liver that include:

  • A branch of the portal vein,
  • A branch of the hepatic artery, and
  • A bile duct.

These structures are present at the portal triad, which is a feature of the liver lobules.

4. What do you know about arborvitae?

The arborvitae refers to the branching tree-like structure formed by white matter in the cerebellum of the brain. It consists of axons that convey information from the cerebellar cortex to other parts of the brain and spinal cord.

5. What are the functions of Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules and the Leydig cells in man?

  • Sertoli Cells:
    • Support and nourish developing sperm cells.
    • Secrete inhibin, which regulates sperm production.
    • Form the blood-testis barrier, protecting sperm from harmful substances.
  • Leydig Cells:
    • Located in the interstitial spaces between seminiferous tubules.
    • Secrete testosterone, which is essential for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production.

6. What is amniocentesis? Name any two disorders that can be detected by amniocentesis.

Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic procedure where a small amount of amniotic fluid is sampled from the uterus to test for genetic conditions and fetal health.

Two disorders that can be detected by amniocentesis are:

  • Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
  • Cystic Fibrosis

7. Define Atavism with an example.

Atavism refers to the reappearance of an ancestral trait or characteristic in an organism that had been lost or not present in recent generations.

Example: The reappearance of a tail in humans (a vestigial trait) is an example of atavism.

8. What is meant by genetic load? Give an example.

Genetic load refers to the presence of unfavorable genetic traits in a population. These traits reduce the overall fitness of individuals in the population.

Example: The genetic load in a population may include recessive genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia, where carriers have lower overall fitness compared to non-carriers.

9. Explain the term ‘hypophysation.’

Hypophysation refers to the experimental procedure of implanting a portion of the pituitary gland from one organism into another, or manipulating pituitary hormones in a controlled setting. It is commonly used in endocrinology and physiology studies.

10. Distinguish between absorption and assimilation.

  • Absorption: The process through which digested nutrients are taken into the bloodstream or lymphatic system, primarily occurring in the small intestine.

  • Assimilation: The process by which absorbed nutrients are utilized by the body’s cells for growth, energy, and repair. This includes the conversion of absorbed nutrients into usable forms.

Note: Answer any SIX questions in 20 lines each.

11. What are the functions of the Liver?

The liver has several vital functions, including:

  • Metabolism: Converts nutrients from the food we eat into essential substances the body can use (e.g., glucose, lipids).
  • Detoxification: Breaks down harmful substances like alcohol and drugs.
  • Protein synthesis: Produces plasma proteins such as albumin and clotting factors.
  • Bile production: Produces bile, which helps in the digestion and absorption of fats.
  • Storage: Stores essential nutrients like vitamins and minerals, as well as glycogen (a form of glucose).
  • Immune function: Removes bacteria from the bloodstream and acts as a part of the immune system.

12. Describe disorders of the Respiratory system.

Some common respiratory disorders include:

  • Asthma: A chronic condition where the airways become inflamed and narrow, making breathing difficult.
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A group of lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, which obstruct airflow and make breathing difficult.
  • Pneumonia: Infection that causes inflammation in the lungs, leading to fluid buildup and difficulty breathing.
  • Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and can cause severe coughing, weight loss, and fatigue.
  • Lung Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth in the lungs, often linked to smoking.
  • Pulmonary Fibrosis: Scarring of lung tissue that leads to difficulty breathing and poor oxygen exchange.

13. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the pelvic girdle.

I cannot directly draw or provide images, but I can describe the key parts of the pelvic girdle:

  • The pelvic girdle consists of the hip bones (coxal bones) which include:
    • Ilium
    • Ischium
    • Pubis
  • These bones are fused to form the pelvis.
  • The sacrum and coccyx (tailbone) are part of the vertebral column and contribute to the pelvis.

For a diagram, you can look for an anatomical drawing of the human pelvic girdle for a detailed label.

14. Write a note on Addison’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome.

  • Addison’s Disease:

    • A rare disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone.
    • Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and darkening of the skin.
    • Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy to correct the deficiency.

  • Cushing’s Syndrome:

    • Caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, often due to the overuse of corticosteroid medications or a tumor in the pituitary or adrenal glands.
    • Symptoms include weight gain, a rounded face (“moon face”), thinning skin, and high blood pressure.
    • Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, or medication to control cortisol production.

15. Write a short note on B-cells.

B-cells (B lymphocytes) are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system:

  • Function: B-cells are responsible for producing antibodies (immunoglobulins) that help identify and neutralize foreign antigens like bacteria and viruses.
  • Activation: When B-cells encounter an antigen, they become activated and differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete large amounts of antibodies.
  • Memory Cells: Some B-cells become memory B-cells, which provide long-term immunity by recognizing pathogens the body has encountered before.

16. Write the salient features of HGP (Human Genome Project).

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project aimed at mapping all the genes in the human genome. Salient features include:

  • Completed in 2003, the HGP sequenced the entire human DNA.
  • It mapped approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA.
  • Provided insights into genetic diseases, helping to identify genes responsible for various inherited conditions.
  • Advanced biotechnological research: Enabled studies on gene expression, personalized medicine, and gene therapy.
  • International collaboration: Involved scientists from around the world.

17. What is meant by genetic drift? Explain genetic drift citing the example of the Founder effect.

Genetic drift refers to random changes in the frequency of alleles in a population’s gene pool, often due to chance rather than natural selection.

  • Founder Effect: A type of genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population. Because the new population is small and isolated, it may not represent the genetic diversity of the original population.
    • Example: If a small group of people from a large population migrates to a new island, the gene pool of this new group may have a different genetic composition from the original population, even though no selective pressure is acting on the group.

18. Discuss in brief about “Avian Flu.”

Avian Flu (also known as bird flu) is an infectious viral disease that primarily affects birds but can occasionally infect humans and other animals. The disease is caused by the H5N1 influenza virus, though other subtypes exist.

  • Symptoms in birds: Sudden death, respiratory distress, decreased egg production, and swelling of the head and neck.
  • Transmission: Avian flu is transmitted through contact with infected birds, their saliva, feces, or nasal secretions. In rare cases, it can spread to humans through direct contact with infected poultry.
  • Human impact: While the disease is not easily transmitted from human to human, some subtypes can cause severe illness and even death in humans. Preventive measures include vaccination of poultry and avoiding contact with infected birds.

Section C

Note: Answer any TWO questions in 60 lines each.

19. Describe the structure of the heart of man with the help of a neat labelled diagram.

The human heart is a muscular organ that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is a four-chambered structure consisting of two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers). The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs, and is slightly tilted to the left side of the body. The heart is approximately the size of a fist and weighs around 250 to 350 grams in adults.

Structure of the Human Heart

  1. Pericardium:

    • The heart is enclosed by a double-walled sac called the pericardium. The outer layer is tough and fibrous, providing protection, while the inner layer is a smooth membrane that secretes a lubricating fluid to reduce friction during heartbeats.

  2. Chambers:

    • Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through two large veins, the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
    • Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
    • Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery for oxygenation.
    • Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body through the aorta, the largest artery in the body.

  3. Valves:

    • Tricuspid Valve: Between the right atrium and right ventricle. It prevents the backflow of blood into the atrium when the ventricle contracts.
    • Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve: Between the left atrium and left ventricle. It prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.
    • Pulmonary Valve: Located at the opening of the pulmonary artery, it prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after contraction.
    • Aortic Valve: Located at the opening of the aorta, it prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after contraction.

  4. Septum:

    • The heart is divided into two halves (left and right) by a muscular wall called the septum. The interatrial septum separates the two atria, and the interventricular septum separates the two ventricles.

  5. Blood Flow Path:

    • Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava.
    • The right atrium contracts and pumps blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
    • The right ventricle then contracts and pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
    • Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
    • The left atrium contracts and pumps blood through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.
    • The left ventricle then contracts and pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta, which distributes the blood to the entire body.

  6. Myocardium:

    • The myocardium is the thick muscular layer of the heart that contracts to pump blood. It is the primary tissue involved in heart contraction.

  7. Endocardium:

    • The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart, consisting of smooth endothelial cells that line the heart chambers and valves.

  8. Coronary Circulation:

    • The coronary arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle itself. The coronary veins remove deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle. Blockage of these arteries can lead to heart attacks.

Diagram of the Human Heart

Describe the structure of the heart of human with the help of neat ...

20. Describe the female reproductive system of a woman with the help of a labelled diagram.

The female reproductive system is designed for the production of eggs (ova), fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth. It consists of both external and internal organs, each playing a crucial role in reproduction.

External Organs:

  1. Vulva:

    • The vulva is the collective term for the external genital organs of the female.
    • Includes:
      • Labia Majora: The outer, larger folds of skin.
      • Labia Minora: The inner, smaller folds.
      • Clitoris: A small, sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva.
      • Urethral Opening: The opening through which urine is excreted.
      • Vaginal Opening: The entry to the vagina.

  2. Vagina:

    • The vagina is a muscular tube that connects the external genitalia to the uterus. It serves as the passageway for menstrual flow, childbirth, and sexual intercourse.

Internal Organs:

  1. Ovaries:

    • The ovaries are two small, almond-shaped organs located on either side of the uterus. They are responsible for producing eggs (ova) and secreting hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
    • Women are born with a finite number of eggs, and these are released during the menstrual cycle.

  2. Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts):

    • The fallopian tubes are two thin tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They are the site of fertilization, where sperm meets the egg.
    • Each tube has a funnel-shaped opening (fimbriae) that captures the egg after it is released from the ovary.

  3. Uterus:

    • The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ located in the pelvic cavity. It is where the fertilized egg implants and develops during pregnancy.
    • The walls of the uterus are lined with the endometrium, which thickens during the menstrual cycle to prepare for pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the endometrium sheds during menstruation.
    • The lower part of the uterus is called the cervix, which connects to the vagina and serves as the opening to the uterus.

  4. Endometrium:

    • The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for implantation of a fertilized egg. If no fertilization occurs, the endometrium is shed, resulting in menstruation.

  5. Cervix:

    • The cervix is the narrow, lower part of the uterus that extends into the vagina. During childbirth, the cervix dilates to allow the passage of the baby.

  6. Glands and Hormones:

    • Bartholin’s Glands: Located near the vaginal opening, these glands secrete lubricating fluid during sexual arousal.
    • Hormones: Estrogen, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulate the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and pregnancy.

Menstrual Cycle:

  • The menstrual cycle is the regular sequence of events that prepares the body for pregnancy. It typically lasts around 28 days and includes the following phases:
    • Follicular Phase: The development of the egg in the ovary.
    • Ovulation: The release of the mature egg from the ovary.
    • Luteal Phase: The preparation of the uterus for pregnancy after ovulation.
    • Menstruation: The shedding of the endometrial lining if no fertilization occurs.

Pregnancy:

  • If fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg (zygote) travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus, where it implants in the thickened endometrial lining. This leads to pregnancy.
  • The developing embryo releases hormones that prevent menstruation and maintain pregnancy.

Diagram of the Female Reproductive System:

A labelled diagram of the female reproductive system would include:

  • The ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina.
  • External organs like the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vulva would also be shown.
  • Arrows to show the path of the egg from the ovary through the fallopian tube to the uterus, and sperm from the vagina through the cervix.