Different people have varied development goals based on their needs, circumstances, and values. For example:

• A farmer may aim for better irrigation facilities to improve crop yields.
• A student may focus on accessing quality education to secure a good job.
• A woman in a rural area may prioritize improving healthcare and sanitation for her family.
• A businessperson might focus on technological advancements and expansion to grow their enterprise.

• “Small Family, Happy Life!”
• “Plan Your Family, Secure Your Future!”

Lal Bahadur Shastri was a man of integrity, humility, and courage. He was committed to nation-building and played a crucial role in promoting the Green Revolution in India. His slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan” (Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer) reflects his respect for both the armed forces and the agricultural community. He also demonstrated remarkable leadership during the 1965 India-Pakistan war and remained a symbol of simplicity and hard work.

Migration occurs due to various reasons such as:

• Economic reasons: People move in search of better job opportunities or improved living standards.
• Social reasons: Some migrate to join family members or due to societal pressures (e.g., caste or gender issues).
• Political reasons: Migration may occur due to political instability, war, or government policies (e.g., refugees).
• Environmental reasons: Natural disasters like floods or droughts force people to migrate for survival.

[This question requires the student to draw the outline of the state of Telangana, which is located in southern India. Telangana is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.]

a) In which year did the most number of constitutional amendments take place?
[The student is expected to analyze the bar graph provided and identify the year with the highest number of amendments.]

b) How many more amendments took place in the decade 1971-1980 compared to 1961-1970?
[The student should subtract the number of amendments in the 1961-1970 decade from the number of amendments in the 1971-1980 decade.]

The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is located in northwestern India and extends into Pakistan. It is the world’s 17th largest desert and the most densely populated desert. The desert is characterized by sand dunes, dry climate, and extreme temperatures. The region experiences low annual rainfall and has minimal vegetation, but hardy species like cacti and thorn bushes thrive. Despite its harsh environment, the Thar Desert supports a large population, mainly due to agriculture, livestock farming, and tourism.

The causes of the two World Wars can be summarized as follows: World War I (1914-1918):

• Militarism: The arms race and the build-up of military power among European nations.
• Alliances: Complex alliances between nations (e.g., Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance).
• Nationalism: Intense national pride and competition, particularly in the Balkans.
• Imperialism: European powers competing for colonies and resources.
• Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand: The immediate spark that ignited the war.

World War II (1939-1945):

• Treaty of Versailles: The harsh terms imposed on Germany after WWI led to resentment and the rise of Adolf Hitler.
• Expansionism: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan sought territorial expansion.
• Appeasement: Western powers initially adopted a policy of appeasement towards Hitler.
• Economic instability: The Great Depression contributed to social unrest and the rise of totalitarian regimes.

Pamphlet Title: “Go Organic, Go Green!”

What is Organic Farming?
Organic farming is an agricultural practice that uses natural methods to grow crops without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Benefits of Organic Farming:

• Environmental Sustainability: Reduces pollution, conserves water, and improves soil health.
• Health Benefits: Organic food is free from harmful chemicals, making it safer for consumption.
• Biodiversity: Encourages diverse ecosystems by avoiding monoculture.
• Economic Viability: Organic farming is often more profitable due to higher demand for chemical-free produce.

Support Local and Organic!

• Protect the environment
• Support farmers
• Eat healthy

Opinion:
Globalization and neo-liberalism have led to significant economic growth and technological advancements, but they have also widened the gap between the rich and the poor. The underprivileged, particularly marginalized groups like tribal people and landless workers, have borne the brunt of these policies. The growth of global markets often comes at the expense of local communities, resulting in exploitation, loss of livelihood, and limited access to essential services. Although globalization has opened up job opportunities in some sectors, it has left many without adequate protection, education, or healthcare, thus increasing inequality. There is a need for more inclusive policies that ensure the benefits of globalization reach all sections of society.

The Himalayan River System includes some of the major rivers of India that originate from the Himalayan mountain range. These rivers are significant for their role in providing water for irrigation, hydropower generation, and transportation. The main rivers in this system include:

• Indus River: Originates from Tibet and flows through Pakistan.
• Ganga: Originates from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand, and is the most important river for millions of people in northern India.
• Brahmaputra: Originates in Tibet, flows through Assam, and is one of the largest rivers in the world.

These rivers form deep valleys, create fertile plains, and provide water for agriculture. They are also prone to flooding, especially during the monsoon season.

The United Nations Organization (UNO) plays a crucial role in maintaining world peace through its peacekeeping operations, conflict resolution, and diplomacy. The Security Council is responsible for addressing threats to international peace and security, while peacekeeping missions help manage and resolve conflicts in war-torn regions. The UNO also promotes disarmament and human rights through treaties and agreements. Additionally, the General Assembly provides a forum for member states to discuss global issues and seek peaceful solutions to conflicts. The UNO also works to prevent conflicts through its development and humanitarian programs.

A decreasing female percentage in the sex ratio can have detrimental effects on society. It leads to:

• Gender Imbalance: A lower number of women can result in a skewed male-to-female ratio, which affects marriage patterns and family structures.
• Social Problems: Gender-based violence, trafficking, and discrimination against women are likely to increase.
• Economic Impact: The absence of women in the workforce reduces overall productivity and hampers economic growth.
• Cultural and Moral Issues: The decline in female population can lead to a loss of cultural richness and deteriorate moral values. The need for gender equality becomes even more critical in such cases.

Opinion:
The discrimination and racial prejudice during the British colonial period were systemic and deeply rooted. The exclusion of educated Africans from key positions and the promotion of tribal elites by the colonial powers were tactics used to maintain control over the local population. This division of society fostered inequality and resentment. The marginalization of indigenous people also hindered the social and economic progress of Africa. These practices had long-lasting effects on the post-colonial societies, contributing to political instability, social unrest, and economic disparities.

(A) Euros
(B) US dollars
(C) Rupees
(D) Dinars

Answer: (B) US dollars
Explanation: Per capita income is often calculated in US dollars to provide a standard international measure of average income in a country, allowing comparisons across countries.

(A) Dals
(B) Jowar
(C) Ragi
(D) Sugar

Answer: (A) Dals
Explanation: Dals (lentils) are a rich source of plant-based protein and essential amino acids, making them an important part of a vegetarian diet.

(A) Shivaliks
(B) Himadri
(C) Himachal
(D) Purvanchal

Answer: (D) Purvanchal
Explanation: The Patkai Hills, also known as the Patkai Range, are part of the Purvanchal (eastern) hill system, located in the northeastern part of India.

(A) To catch
(B) To hug
(C) To climb
(D) All the above

Answer: (B) To hug
Explanation: The Chipko Movement was a protest where people (especially women) hugged trees to prevent them from being cut down. It was a movement for environmental conservation.

(A) Gross Domestic Product
(B) General Democratic Public
(C) Gross Domestic Profit
(D) General Domestic Public

Answer: (A) Gross Domestic Product
Explanation: GDP is a measure of the total economic output of a country, representing the value of all goods and services produced within its borders.

(A) Imposes more restrictions
(B) Imposes less restrictions
(C) Bans exports
(D) Bans imports

Answer: (B) Imposes less restrictions
Explanation: Trade liberalization refers to the reduction or removal of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods and services between countries, promoting a more open market.

(A) Seasonal migrants
(B) Sports persons
(C) Foreigners working in India
(D) Indians working abroad

Answer: (C) Foreigners working in India
Explanation: The Immigration Act of 1983 is designed to protect the interests of foreigners working in India, ensuring their legal rights and protections under Indian law.

(A) 2100
(B) 2200
(C) 2300
(D) 2400

Answer: (B) 2200
Explanation: The average recommended caloric intake for urban adults is approximately 2200 calories per day, depending on factors like age, sex, and activity level.

(A) Red soil
(B) Black soil
(C) Alluvial soil
(D) Laterite soil

Answer: (B) Black soil
Explanation: The Peninsular Plateau is known for its black soil, which is rich in nutrients and ideal for growing crops like cotton and tobacco.

(A) Triangle
(B) V-shape
(C) U-shape
(D) X-shape

Answer: (B) V-shape
Explanation: The rivers originating from the Himalayas, such as the Ganges and Brahmaputra, have carved out deep V-shaped valleys due to the steep gradients and erosional power of these rivers.

(A) Increase in unemployment
(B) Reduction of industrial production
(C) Youth took to criminal activities
(D) Increase in employment

Answer: (D) Increase in employment
Explanation: The Great Depression led to widespread unemployment, industrial decline, and economic hardship, making increase in employment an incorrect option in this context.