SECTION–A (12×1=12 MARKS)
- The collapse of Soviet Union was followed by Shock Therapy. Which of the following statements is NOT correct about Shock Therapy?
- A) The transition involved a breakup of the existing trade alliances among the countries of the Soviet bloc.
- B) Shock therapy involved a drastic change in the external orientation of these economies.
- C) FDI and free trade were to be the main engines.
- D) The Eastern capitalist states guided and controlled the development of the region.
- In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the appropriate answer from the options given below as the correct answer:
- Assertion (A): In December 1991, under the leadership of Yeltsin, Russia, Ukraine and Georgia, three major republics of the USSR, declared that the Soviet Union was disbanded.
- Reason (R): The rise of nationalism led to various protests in Post-Soviet Republics.
- A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
- B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
- C) A is true, but R is false.
- D) A is false, but R is true.
- Match the terms given in column ‘A’ correctly with their meaning given in column ‘B’ and choose the appropriate code as the correct answer:
- Column ‘A’
- I) Confidence building measure
- II) Arms Control
- III) Alliance
- IV) Disarmament
- Column ‘B’
- (i) Giving up certain types of weapons
- (ii) A process of exchanging information on Defense matters between nations on a regular basis.
- (iii) A coalition of nations meant to deter or defend against military attacks.
- (iv) Regulates the acquisition or development of weapons.
- A) I-(ii), II-(iv), III-(iii), IV-(i)
- B) I-(ii), II-(i), III-(iii), IV-(iv)
- C) I-(ii), II-(i), III-(iv), IV-(iii)
- D) I-(iv), II-(ii), III-(iii), IV-(i)
- Column ‘A’
- In recent times, most of the armed conflicts have taken place in:
- A) Eastern Europe
- B) South Asia
- C) Middle East Asia
- D) Sub-Saharan Africa
- Given below are two statements:
- Statement I: Resource geopolitics pertains to the allocation of resources during the cold war.
- Statement II: Oil is considered as the most important resource in global politics.
- A) Both statement I and Statement II are true.
- B) Both statement I and Statement II are false.
- C) Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.
- D) Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.
- Arrange the following in chronological order of their formation:
- I) Energy Conservation Act
- II) Paris Climate Agreement
- III) The Electricity Act
- IV) Montreal Protocol
- A) (I), (II), (III), (IV)
- B) (II), (IV), (I), (III)
- C) (IV), (I), (III), (II)
- D) (III), (I), (II), (IV)
- The “Era of One-Party Dominance” in India refers to the period from:
- A) 1952 to 1962
- B) 1977 to 1984
- C) 1989 to 1996
- D) 1998 to 2004
- Identify and write the Incorrect pair:
- A) Dr. B.R Ambedkar – Chairman of Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution
- B) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad – India’s first Education Minister
- C) Rajkumari Amrit Kaur – India’s first Health Minister
- D) Acharya Narendra Dev – Founding President of the Communist Party of India.
- Which conference marked the zenith of India’s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African nations?
- A) Malaysian Conference
- B) Singapore Conference
- C) Bandung Conference
- D) Egyptian Conference
- Which of the following issues led to the attack on Egypt in 1956 by Britain?
- A) Suez Canal issue
- B) Suzhou Canal issue
- C) Panama Canal issue
- D) Bruges Canal issue
- ‘Bodo’ is a community in state of India.
- A) Arunachal Pradesh
- B) Assam
- C) Manipur
- D) Mizoram
- Which of the following Schedules of the Constitution allows complete autonomy to different tribes to preserve their practices and customary laws?
- A) Fourth Schedule
- B) Sixth Schedule
- C) Seventh Schedule
- D) Eighth Schedule
SECTION-B (6×2=12 MARKS)
- ‘Nuclear weapons as deterrence or defense have limited usage against contemporary security threats to states.’ Explain the statement.
Answer:
Nuclear weapons, though a powerful deterrent in the context of large-scale wars, have limited usage in addressing contemporary security threats. In today’s world, most threats are asymmetrical, such as terrorism, cyber-attacks, and insurgencies, which nuclear weapons cannot effectively combat. Additionally, the consequences of using nuclear weapons—global condemnation, environmental damage, and human loss—are so severe that their use in defense is highly unlikely. The increasing reliance on conventional forces and diplomatic measures makes nuclear deterrence less relevant in handling these modern security challenges.
- Show with the help of two examples that involvement of USA in South Asia has increased after the end of the Cold War.
Answer:
After the Cold War, the U.S. increased its involvement in South Asia for strategic and economic reasons:
- Afghanistan (2001): After the 9/11 attacks, the U.S. invaded Afghanistan to dismantle the Taliban regime and combat terrorism. This led to a long-term military presence in the region, strengthening its influence.
- India-Pakistan Relations (2000s): The U.S. played a significant role in improving Indo-U.S. relations, culminating in the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement (2005), which allowed India to access nuclear technology for civilian purposes despite not being a signatory to the NPT. This marked a deepening of the U.S.-India strategic partnership.
- It is now an almost universally-accepted view that countries should only go to war for the right reasons. Explain with an example.
Answer:
The idea that countries should only go to war for just reasons is based on the principles of just war theory. Wars should be fought to achieve a legitimate cause, such as self-defense or humanitarian intervention. For example, NATO’s intervention in Kosovo (1999) was justified as it aimed to protect the civilian population from ethnic cleansing by the Yugoslav government. The intervention was backed by international law and a humanitarian objective, illustrating that wars should be fought for morally sound reasons.
- Did the prevalence of ‘one-party dominance’ in India affect the democratic nature of Indian politics? Express your opinion.
Answer:
The prevalence of ‘one-party dominance’ in India, particularly during the period of Congress rule from 1950s to 1970s, had both positive and negative effects on India’s democracy. On one hand, the dominance of a single party helped in the consolidation of democratic institutions and the establishment of a stable political system. However, it also led to the weakening of political opposition, lack of healthy competition, and sometimes authoritarian tendencies, as seen in the Emergency (1975-77) imposed by Indira Gandhi. Therefore, while it provided stability, it also compromised certain democratic principles like pluralism and accountability.
- Explain any two reasons which led to a multi-party alliance system in Indian politics since 1989.
Answer:
- Decline of Congress dominance: Post-1989, the Congress party’s hold on national politics weakened, and regional parties began gaining prominence, leading to the formation of coalition governments. This trend was evident in the 1989 general elections when the National Front coalition took power.
- Rise of Regional Parties: Regional parties, such as AIADMK in Tamil Nadu and TDP in Andhra Pradesh, started playing a more significant role in national politics. Their participation in coalition governments made multi-party alliances a necessity, as no single party could secure an outright majority.
- List two models of development and give reason for the model adopted by India.
18 List two models of development and give reason for the model adopted by India
Answer:
- Capitalist Model: This model emphasizes private sector growth, free markets, and minimal government interference. Developed countries like the U.S. and most Western European nations follow this model.
- Socialist Model: This model advocates for state control over key sectors of the economy and seeks to reduce income inequality. India adopted a mixed economy model, which combines aspects of both capitalist and socialist models. The reason for this adoption was to balance economic growth with social justice, as India wanted to promote industrialization and modernization while ensuring equitable distribution of resources.
SECTION-C (5×4=20 MARKS)
19. List four Directive Principles of State Policy that aim to promote international peace and security.
Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in India aim to guide the state in creating a just society, and they also emphasize India’s role in promoting international peace and security. Four key principles that promote international peace and security are:
- Promotion of International Peace and Security (Article 51):
The state shall strive to promote international peace and security by fostering respect for international law, treaty obligations, and encouraging the settlement of international disputes by arbitration. - Encouragement of the Organization of International Peace (Article 51):
India shall strive to develop friendly relations with other countries, based on the principles of equal rights, justice, and international cooperation. - Promotion of Respect for International Law and Treaty Obligations (Article 51):
The state is directed to respect and encourage respect for international law and to act in accordance with the principles of international law in its external relations. - Settlement of International Disputes (Article 51):
The Directive Principles advocate for the peaceful resolution of conflicts and disputes, ensuring that India contributes to global peace by promoting peaceful methods of resolving disputes, including arbitration.
These principles reflect India’s commitment to global peace and security, as well as its role in fostering a cooperative and peaceful international environment.
20. Describe the events that led to the merger of Sikkim with India.
Answer: The merger of Sikkim with India in 1975 was a significant event in India’s post-independence history. The process of integration involved several key events:
- Sikkim’s Status as a Protectorate:
Before merging with India, Sikkim was a protectorate under British rule and later under the Government of India. Sikkim’s political status was ambiguous, as it was not fully integrated into India but remained under Indian influence. - The Role of the Chogyal:
Sikkim was ruled by the Chogyal (king), and initially, the Chogyal, Palden Thondup Namgyal, sought to maintain the state’s independence, resisting the idea of full integration into India. However, this stance was increasingly challenged by domestic opposition and political unrest within Sikkim. - Political Unrest and the Role of the Sikkim National Congress (SNC):
The political landscape in Sikkim changed with the rise of the Sikkim National Congress (SNC), which advocated for greater integration with India. The people of Sikkim, particularly the ethnic Nepali population, also supported closer ties with India, seeing economic and political benefits in becoming a part of the Indian Union. - Indian Support and Political Crisis:
In 1973, political instability intensified in Sikkim, with protests against the Chogyal’s rule. India supported the pro-integration forces and provided assistance to the opposition, further weakening the Chogyal’s position. In 1975, after the Chogyal was unable to control the unrest, a referendum was held, in which the overwhelming majority of Sikkim’s population voted in favor of merging with India. - Sikkim’s Full Integration:
As a result of the referendum, on May 16, 1975, Sikkim officially became the 22nd state of India, and the Chogyal’s monarchy was abolished. Sikkim’s political and administrative structures were brought in line with those of the Indian states.
21. A) “Soviet Union’s disintegration was the consequence of many different factors”. Justify the statement.
Answer: The disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 was the result of several interconnected factors, which include:
- Economic Struggles and Inefficiency:
The Soviet economy was increasingly inefficient due to its central planning and state-controlled structure. By the 1980s, the USSR faced stagnation, food shortages, and a decline in industrial output. The economic system was unable to meet the needs of the population or compete with the West, leading to dissatisfaction and unrest. - Political and Ideological Crisis:
The Communist Party’s monopoly on power led to political stagnation. There was a growing demand for political reforms and more freedoms. The Soviet leadership, particularly under Mikhail Gorbachev, attempted reforms such as glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), but these reforms weakened the central authority without resolving the underlying issues. - Nationalism and Ethnic Tensions:
The Soviet Union was a multi-ethnic federation, and many of the constituent republics began to demand greater autonomy and independence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Republics like the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) were at the forefront of this push for independence, and the Soviet government’s inability to suppress these movements contributed to the dissolution. - Gorbachev’s Reforms and the Loss of Control:
While glasnost and perestroika were intended to modernize the Soviet system, they inadvertently exposed the weaknesses of the Communist regime and encouraged calls for political freedom. These reforms also reduced the central government’s control over the satellite republics, leading to further demands for independence. - The Collapse of the Communist Ideology:
The ideological foundations of Soviet communism weakened over time, particularly as the Soviet Union failed to deliver prosperity and political freedoms. The allure of Western democracy and capitalism also contributed to disillusionment with the Soviet system. - The Coup Attempt of 1991:
In August 1991, hardline communists attempted a coup against Gorbachev’s reforms, but it failed. This event showed the deep divisions within the Soviet leadership and weakened the authority of the central government. This loss of control accelerated the disintegration of the USSR, with republics declaring independence one by one.
21. B) ‘Most former Soviet republics had tensions and conflicts.’ Support the statement with examples.
Answer: After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, many of the newly independent republics experienced significant internal tensions and conflicts, often due to ethnic, political, and territorial disputes. Some examples include:
- Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict (Armenia and Azerbaijan):
One of the most prominent conflicts was the war over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan but was populated predominantly by ethnic Armenians. This ethnic conflict escalated into a full-scale war in the late 1980s and early 1990s, continuing even after the Soviet collapse. - Chechen Wars (Russia):
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian republic faced resistance from separatist groups in Chechnya. The Chechens demanded independence, leading to the First Chechen War (1994-1996) and later the Second Chechen War (1999-2009). These wars caused significant loss of life and instability in the region. - Ethnic Conflict in Kyrgyzstan:
Kyrgyzstan, another former Soviet republic, experienced ethnic tensions between the majority Kyrgyz and the minority Uzbeks. These tensions resulted in several violent clashes, including in 2010 when ethnic violence erupted, leading to hundreds of deaths and widespread displacement. - The Tajik Civil War (1992-1997):
After Tajikistan gained independence, the country was plunged into a civil war between the secular government and various Islamist and opposition groups. The war resulted in thousands of deaths and created a lasting division in Tajik society. - Ukraine and Crimea (2014):
The annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014 and the ongoing conflict in Eastern Ukraine have highlighted continuing tensions. The annexation was viewed as a violation of international law and has led to a protracted conflict in the Donbas region of Ukraine between Russian-backed separatists and the Ukrainian government.
These examples illustrate the persistent ethnic, political, and territorial conflicts that have plagued many former Soviet republics following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
22. A) Analyse any two political consequences of globalization.
Answer:
Globalization has brought about significant political changes in many countries, particularly in the realm of international relations and governance. Two important political consequences of globalization are:
- Rise of Regional and Global Governance:
As countries have become more interconnected through trade, technology, and communication, the role of international organizations like the United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and European Union (EU) has grown. These organizations now play a larger role in regulating global affairs, setting international norms, and resolving conflicts. The growing influence of multinational bodies has sometimes undermined the power of individual nation-states, as global issues like climate change, human rights, and international security require collective action. - Transformation of National Sovereignty:
Globalization has challenged the traditional notion of state sovereignty. With the increased influence of international organizations, transnational corporations, and supranational entities, the authority of national governments has been diluted. Issues such as trade liberalization, financial regulation, and immigration often require cooperation with international institutions. This has led to debates about the erosion of national sovereignty in favor of global governance.
22. B) Analyse any two reasons for resistance to globalization in India.
Answer:
Despite the many benefits of globalization, there has been significant resistance in India, particularly due to concerns over its economic, social, and cultural implications. Two primary reasons for resistance are:
- Economic Inequality:
Globalization in India has led to increased economic inequality. While some sectors, such as technology and services, have flourished, others, such as agriculture and small-scale industries, have suffered. The widening gap between rich and poor has led to discontent and resistance, particularly among farmers and rural communities who feel left behind in the process of global integration. - Cultural and Social Concerns:
Globalization has brought about cultural homogenization, with Western values and lifestyles increasingly influencing Indian society. Many people fear the loss of traditional Indian cultures, languages, and customs. This resistance is particularly strong in rural areas and among certain sections of society who view globalization as a threat to their way of life and cultural identity.
23. Examine the factors that led to the conflict between the Judiciary and the Parliament in India in 1973.
Answer: The conflict between the Judiciary and the Parliament in India reached a critical point in 1973 due to a series of events:
- Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973):
The key event was the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case, where the Supreme Court ruled that Parliament had limited power to amend the Constitution. The Court held that the basic structure of the Constitution could not be altered. This landmark decision caused tensions between the Judiciary and Parliament, as it limited the scope of Parliament’s power. - The Role of Indira Gandhi:
At the time, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s government was determined to assert its authority over all state institutions, including the judiciary. The ruling of the Supreme Court was seen by her government as an infringement on its authority, leading to a strained relationship between the two branches of government. - The 39th Amendment and the Right to Amend the Constitution:
In response to the Court’s judgment, the government introduced the 39th Amendment, which aimed to curb judicial review and protect Parliament’s authority over constitutional amendments. This move further deepened the rift between the Judiciary and Parliament. - Judicial Independence:
The conflict also reflected concerns about judicial independence. The Judiciary’s assertion of its role in interpreting the Constitution was viewed as a challenge to the executive and legislative branches, who were seeking greater control over the judiciary.
The tension between the Judiciary and Parliament in 1973 was a crucial episode in India’s constitutional history and reflected broader concerns about the balance of power between the different branches of government.
SECTION-D (3×4=12 MARKS)
24 Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:
I) What does the lighter in the cartoon symbolize?
- A) The Earth being consumed as a source of fuel
- B) The continents being burned for energy
- C) The world being used up for power
- D) The oceans being exploited for its resources
Answer:
C) The world being used up for power
The lighter in the cartoon symbolizes how the world’s resources are being consumed for energy, potentially leading to environmental degradation. The use of a lighter in this context suggests the exploitation of resources.
II) Why are the fingers in the cartoon designed like chimneys?
- A) To represent humans are supporting earth
- B) To show only humans are causing global warming
- C) To show importance of chimneys in cleaning factories
- D) To show importance of industrial revolution
Answer:
B) To show only humans are causing global warming
The fingers designed like chimneys emphasize that human activities, particularly industrial processes, are a major contributor to global warming.
III) The main theme of the cartoon could be:
- A) The celebration of technological advancement
- B) The impact of deforestation on wildlife
- C) The role of industrial pollution in global warming
- D) The importance of reducing waste to save planet
Answer:
C) The role of industrial pollution in global warming
The cartoon emphasizes the detrimental effects of industrial pollution, which are central to the theme of global warming.
IV) Thicker chimney has been shown on the push button of the lighter to show that:
- A) Only humans can stop pollution
- B) Only developed countries contribute to pollution
- C) Pollution can be curbed by shutting factories
- D) Chimneys need to be made more efficient to save earth
Answer:
C) Pollution can be curbed by shutting factories
The thicker chimney on the button of the lighter suggests that pollution could be reduced or controlled by reducing industrial emissions, for instance, by shutting down factories or improving industrial practices.
I) What principle recognized in the Rio Declaration addresses the differing responsibilities of developed and developing countries in environmental conservation?
- Answer:
The principle recognized in the Rio Declaration is the “Common but Differentiated Responsibilities” (CBDR). This principle acknowledges that while all countries are responsible for environmental protection, developed countries have a greater historical responsibility for causing environmental degradation and should take the lead in addressing environmental issues, while developing countries have the right to prioritize their development and may need support in achieving environmental goals.
II) What was the aim of the Kyoto Protocol?
- Answer:
The aim of the Kyoto Protocol was to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. It set binding targets for developed countries to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, in order to mitigate the effects of global warming. The protocol was an international agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to address the issue of global warming.
III) In which year and city was the Kyoto Protocol agreed upon?
- Answer:
The Kyoto Protocol was agreed upon in 1997 in the city of Kyoto, Japan, during the Third Conference of the Parties (COP3) to the UNFCCC. The protocol was later adopted in December 1997 and entered into force in 2005.
IV) What is meant by “Agenda 21”?
- Answer:
Agenda 21 is a comprehensive action plan for sustainable development, adopted by 178 governments at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It provides a blueprint for governments, local authorities, and civil society organizations to promote sustainable development practices, with particular focus on the environment, economic development, and social equity. It aims to address global challenges such as poverty, environmental degradation, and inequality.
25 In the given outline political map of India, four states have been marked as (A),
(B), (C) and (D). Identify these states on the basis of the information given
below and write their correct names in your answer book along with the
respective serial numbers of the information used and the concerned alphabets
as per the format that follows:
| Sr. Number for the Information used | Concerned alphabet given in the map | Name of the State |
|---|
| I | (A) |
| II | (B) |
| III | (C) |
| IV | (D) |
| Sr. Number for the Information used | Concerned alphabet given in the map | Name of the State |
|---|---|---|
| I | (A) | Uttar Pradesh |
| II | (B) | Tamil Nadu |
| III | (C) | West Bengal |
| IV | (D) | Karnataka |
Explanation:
- I) Uttar Pradesh: The famous slogan “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan” was coined by Lal Bahadur Shastri, who was the Prime Minister of India and hails from Uttar Pradesh.
- II) Tamil Nadu: The formation of DK (Dravida Kazhagam), DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam), and AIADMK (All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam) is associated with the politics of Tamil Nadu.
- III) West Bengal: The coalition called the Popular United Front came to power in West Bengal after the 1967 elections, led by the Left Front.
- IV) Karnataka: The official Congress candidate for the 1969 Presidential election, V. V. Giri, belonged to Karnataka.
Note: Following questions are for the Visually Challenged Candidates in
lieu of question number 25.
Name the following:
I) The state where Operation Blue Star was launched
Answer: Punjab
Operation Blue Star was launched in June 1984 in Punjab to remove militants from the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar.
II) The state which declared its Independence from India in 1951
Answer: Jammu and Kashmir
In 1951, Jammu and Kashmir declared its independence after the ceasefire agreement with Pakistan. This claim was later contested, and it was reintegrated with India.
III) The state that attained statehood in 2014
Answer: Telangana
Telangana was formed as the 29th state of India in 2014, after being separated from Andhra Pradesh.
IV) The state overrun by China in 1962 war
Answer: Arunachal Pradesh
In the 1962 Sino-Indian War, China overran parts of Arunachal Pradesh, which was then known as the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA).
Passage:
In spite of the many conflicts, the states of South Asia recognize the importance of cooperation and friendly relationships among themselves. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a major regional initiative by the South Asian states to evolve cooperation through multilateral means. It began in 1985. Unfortunately, due to persisting political differences, SAARC has not had much success. SAARC members signed the South Asian Free Trade (SAFTA) agreement which promised the formation of a free trade zone for the whole of South Asia.
Questions:
I) Which of the following was the primary goal of establishing South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)?
A) To create a unified military force
B) To enhance mutual support
C) To develop a common currency
D) To resolve territorial disputes among member states
II) What was the main objective of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA)?
A) To create a safer environment for investment
B) To establish a free and fair marketplace
C) To form a chamber of South Asian Association of Commerce
D) To promote business through cultural ties
III) Explain the significance of SAARC in South Asia and the factor which led to the limited success of SAARC.
Answers:
I) Which of the following was the primary goal of establishing South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)?
Answer: B) To enhance mutual support
Explanation:
The primary goal of establishing SAARC was to enhance mutual cooperation and support among South Asian nations, which is necessary for economic, social, and political progress in the region. The cooperation was meant to improve the relationship between the states, despite their political conflicts.
II) What was the main objective of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA)?
Answer: B) To establish a free and fair marketplace
Explanation:
The main objective of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) was to create a free trade zone within South Asia, ensuring that trade between member countries happens freely, fairly, and without unnecessary barriers.
III) Explain the significance of SAARC in South Asia and the factor which led to the limited success of SAARC.
Answer:
SAARC is significant because it represents the attempt of South Asian countries to collaborate regionally for mutual benefits, focusing on economic development, regional peace, and social progress. However, it has had limited success due to persistent political differences among its member states. These differences have often overshadowed the goals of regional cooperation and made it difficult for SAARC to function as effectively as it was intended.
SECTION-E (4X6=24 MARKS)
27 A) Examine the impact of any three political developments that India witnessed between the periods 1989 to 1999.
Answer:
Between 1989 to 1999, India witnessed several significant political developments that shaped the country’s trajectory. Three of the most important ones are:
- End of the Congress System (1989 General Elections):
The 1989 elections marked the decline of the Congress Party’s dominance in Indian politics. For the first time since independence, the Congress failed to secure an outright majority. This was due to a combination of factors such as the aftermath of the anti-Sikh riots in 1984, growing regional aspirations, and widespread dissatisfaction with the Congress leadership. This election marked the emergence of coalition politics in India, where multiple regional parties gained prominence. - Rise of Coalition Politics:
The era of coalition politics truly began in the 1990s after the 1989 elections, with the formation of the Vishwanath Pratap Singh government. The fragmentation of the Congress led to the rise of regional and smaller parties that began to form coalitions to secure power. The United Front Government (1996–1998), led by H.D. Deve Gowda and later I.K. Gujral, is an example of the coalition framework in Indian politics. - Economic Reforms and Liberalization (1991):
The 1991 economic crisis led to major economic reforms under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. These reforms marked the transition from a state-controlled economy to a more open, market-oriented one. The devaluation of the rupee, liberalization of industries, and the opening up of foreign direct investment (FDI) changed the economic landscape of India and integrated it more into the global economy.
These three developments fundamentally altered India’s political and economic structure in the 1990s.
27 B) “The elections of 1989 marked the end of the Congress system and rise of the coalition era.” Support the statement with any three arguments.
Answer:
The 1989 elections were pivotal in transforming India’s political landscape. The statement that the elections marked the end of the Congress system and the rise of coalition politics can be supported with the following arguments:
- Decline of Congress Dominance:
In the 1989 elections, the Congress Party, which had dominated Indian politics for over four decades, lost its absolute majority in the Lok Sabha. The Rajiv Gandhi government was severely weakened after the Bofors scandal, and Congress could no longer maintain its hold over the nation. This loss marked the end of the Congress system where the party had been the central force in Indian politics. - Emergence of Regional Parties:
The 1989 election saw the emergence of several regional parties as significant political players. Parties such as the Janata Dal, BSP (Bahujan Samaj Party), and AIADMK (All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam) gained substantial support, signaling the decline of Congress’ centralized control. The rise of these regional parties was a clear indication that the political power of India was shifting away from a single party. - Formation of Coalition Governments:
After the 1989 elections, no party was able to secure a majority on its own. The result was the formation of coalition governments. The Vishwanath Pratap Singh government was a coalition of several parties, marking a shift towards a multi-party system where coalitions became the norm in Indian politics. This era of coalition politics continued throughout the 1990s with multiple unstable governments, signaling the decline of the Congress-led single-party rule.
Thus, the elections of 1989 signaled the end of the Congress era and ushered in an era of coalition governments.
28 A) Describe the socio-economic effects of the Partition of British India in 1947.
Answer: The Partition of British India in 1947 had profound socio-economic consequences, affecting the lives of millions of people. Some of the major socio-economic effects include:
- Mass Migration:
One of the most significant consequences of Partition was the mass migration of people between India and Pakistan. Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan migrated to India, while Muslims moved from India to Pakistan. This created severe refugee crises, straining resources, leading to overcrowded camps, and creating a huge demand for food, shelter, and medical supplies. - Economic Disruption:
Partition led to the division of resources such as agricultural land, factories, and industrial assets. Major industrial cities like Lahore, which were previously part of undivided India, became part of Pakistan, leading to economic dislocation in India. The division of markets, assets, and trade routes severely disrupted economic activities, especially in border areas. - Communal Violence:
The Partition triggered widespread communal violence and riots, particularly in Punjab and Bengal. This violence led to significant loss of life, destruction of property, and social distrust. The economic activities in many regions were disrupted due to the violence, leaving many families impoverished. - Economic Underdevelopment in Pakistan:
The newly formed Pakistan faced significant economic challenges due to the division of assets. Pakistan was left with a smaller share of industrial assets, and its economy suffered as a result. It had to invest heavily in defense while simultaneously attempting to rebuild its infrastructure and economy, often with limited resources.
28 B) Language has always played an imperative role in uniting the country. Explain the statement in the context of the challenge of nation building in India after independence.
Answer: Language has played a critical role in India’s nation-building process after independence. The challenge of unity in a diverse nation like India, with over 1,600 languages, required a careful approach to language policy. The following points highlight the importance of language in uniting the country:
- Linguistic Diversity:
India is home to hundreds of languages and dialects, making linguistic unity a significant challenge. However, after independence, the framers of the Indian Constitution decided to adopt Hindi as the official language, alongside English, which was retained for official purposes in the interim period. The aim was to unify the country while respecting its linguistic diversity. - Promotion of Regional Languages:
India faced resistance from several regions to the imposition of Hindi. To address this, the government promoted the use of regional languages through the establishment of state boundaries based on linguistic lines. This helped ease regional tensions and gave linguistic minorities a sense of representation in governance. - Language as a Medium of Education:
The use of local languages in education played a key role in promoting inclusivity and access to education for people from different regions. It also helped in integrating people from rural and urban backgrounds into the national mainstream. - National Integration and Symbol of Identity:
Language helped foster a sense of identity and belonging. For instance, Hindi was not just the national language but also a symbol of unity for many people, while regional languages helped maintain cultural identities. Language, thus, served as a bridge between people from different cultural backgrounds while also providing a foundation for regional pride.
In conclusion, despite the challenges, language became a powerful tool for India’s nation-building process, ensuring that while unity was promoted, diversity was respected.
29 A) Evaluate the effectiveness of the European Union as the most prominent regional organization.
Answer: The European Union (EU) is one of the most influential regional organizations in the world. Its effectiveness can be evaluated through the following factors:
- Economic Integration:
The EU has created one of the world’s largest and most integrated economic zones. The introduction of a single currency, the Euro, and the establishment of the European Single Market have removed trade barriers, facilitated free movement of goods, services, and people, and encouraged economic growth among member states. - Political Cooperation:
The EU has enabled member states to work together on political matters such as climate change, international relations, and security. Its collective bargaining power has allowed smaller countries to have a greater influence on global affairs. Additionally, the EU has promoted democratic values and the rule of law within its member states. - Peace and Stability:
The EU has played a crucial role in promoting peace in Europe, particularly after World War II. The EU’s institutions have fostered dialogue, reconciliation, and cooperation among European nations, reducing the likelihood of conflicts. - Humanitarian and Social Progress:
The EU has contributed significantly to social and humanitarian causes, with policies that promote human rights, gender equality, and environmental sustainability. The EU’s funding has supported development programs in member and neighboring countries, improving the standard of living.
29 B) Support with arguments that South Korea is emerging as a new alternate center of power.
Answer: South Korea has emerged as an alternate center of power due to the following reasons:
- Economic Growth:
South Korea has one of the world’s most dynamic economies, driven by industries such as electronics, automotive, shipbuilding, and steel production. The rise of South Korean conglomerates like Samsung and Hyundai has contributed significantly to its economic prowess. - Technological Innovation:
South Korea is a global leader in technology and innovation, with its advances in telecommunications, IT infrastructure, and semiconductor production. The country is at the forefront of 5G technology and is poised to dominate the digital economy in the coming decades. - Geopolitical Position:
South Korea’s strategic position in East Asia makes it an important player in regional security. With its strong military alliances, particularly with the United States, South Korea plays a key role in managing regional tensions, particularly with North Korea. - Cultural Diplomacy (Hallyu):
South Korea’s cultural influence through Hallyu (the Korean Wave) has had a global impact, with Korean music, movies, and television shows gaining international recognition. This cultural diplomacy has strengthened South Korea’s soft power and its role on the global stage.
30 A) “After the end of the Cold War, the United Nations is working in accordance with the changed realities of the world.” Justify the statement with six arguments.
Answer: The end of the Cold War marked a shift in global dynamics, and the United Nations (UN) adapted to these changes in several ways:
- End of Bipolarity:
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the world shifted from a bipolar system to a unipolar one. The UN had to adjust to the new international realities and handle a world where conflicts were no longer dominated by superpower rivalry. - Increased Role in Peacekeeping:
After the Cold War, the UN’s peacekeeping role expanded, particularly in regions experiencing ethnic conflicts, civil wars, and failed states. Missions in places like the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Somalia reflected the UN’s new peacekeeping mandates. - Expansion of Membership:
Following the end of the Cold War, the UN saw an increase in its membership with the inclusion of new states, particularly from the former Soviet bloc and Yugoslavia. This helped the UN address new regional issues and foster global cooperation. - Humanitarian Intervention:
The UN began to play a more prominent role in addressing humanitarian crises. The 1990s saw an increased focus on human rights, as well as a willingness to intervene in cases of genocide, ethnic cleansing, and violations of international law. - Focus on Development:
The UN has shifted its focus toward socio-economic development, poverty reduction, and human rights through agencies like UNDP. With the end of the Cold War, the world’s attention turned towards addressing global inequality and supporting development. - Globalization and Environmental Issues:
In the post-Cold War world, the UN began to tackle global issues like climate change, global health, and terrorism, recognizing the interconnectedness of the world. The Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Climate Agreement (2015) are examples of the UN’s role in tackling global challenges.
30 B) “The United Nations was not created to take humanity to heaven, but to save it from hell.” Support the statement with relevant examples.
Answer: The UN’s primary goal has always been to prevent conflicts, promote peace, and safeguard human rights rather than achieving utopian ideals. The following points support this view:
- Peacekeeping Missions:
The UN has played a pivotal role in peacekeeping efforts, intervening in conflicts like the Korean War (1950-1953), the Gulf War (1990-1991), and the conflict in the former Yugoslavia (1990s), where its forces worked to prevent further bloodshed and instability. - Humanitarian Aid:
The UN, through agencies like the World Food Programme (WFP) and UNHCR, has provided vital humanitarian aid in conflict zones such as Syria, Afghanistan, and South Sudan. These efforts have helped prevent further suffering during crises, aiming to save lives. - Promotion of Human Rights:
The UN has actively promoted human rights, passing resolutions and establishing international norms to combat issues like slavery, child labor, and torture. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and the work of the Human Rights Council exemplify these efforts. - Conflict Resolution:
The UN has facilitated numerous peace treaties and ceasefires, such as the Camp David Accords (1978) and the Geneva Accords (1994), helping to resolve conflicts and prevent wars.
In conclusion, the UN’s mission has always been focused on protecting humanity from the worst, aiming to mitigate the consequences of war, prevent genocide, and address human suffering.